GRATA International

Joint Ventures 2025 - Uzbekistan

The economic and legal system of Uzbekistan has been very stable and, as confirmed by various international institutions, including the World bank, it has been showing steady growth since 2017 despite geopolitical turbulence surrounding the region.

A general introduction to restructuring in Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is a young, independent state that gained its independence in 1991 as a result of the collapse of the USSR. It is a unitary state consisting of 12 administrative regions and the autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan.

Government support and guarantees for the implementation of public-private partnership projects

A Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a long-term, legally binding agreement between a public entity and a private company, under which the private party undertakes to provide comprehensive services that may include financing, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of...

News Alert: Automotive Industry in Kazakhstan — October 2025

GRATA International specialists have prepared the October 2025 edition of the monthly News Alert: Automotive Industry in Kazakhstan.

News Alert: Automotive Industry in Kazakhstan — September 2025

GRATA International specialists have prepared the September 2025 edition of the monthly News Alert: Automotive Industry in Kazakhstan.

Doing business in Kyrgyzstan

We are pleased to present Doing Business in the Kyrgyz Republic, a publication developed by the Bishkek office of GRATA International.

Recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the Kyrgyz Republic

In the context of globalization of business and international economic relations, the issue of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards is of key importance.

Public Policy - No Longer an Obstacle to the Enforcement of CIS Court Judgments in Commercial Courts

LLC “Metso Outotec” (“claimant”) filed an application with the Commercial Court of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast (“court of first instance”) seeking refusal to recognize and enforce on the territory of the Russian Federation the Decision of the Economic Court of the Gomel Oblast of the...

Determination of the competent arbitration in cases of defective arbitration clauses

Arbitration, as known, has become a popular method of dispute resolution. However, in practice, during the contract formation, the arbitration may be indicated incorrectly.

List of countries with which Kazakhstan has concluded double tax treaties covered by the MLI

On 20 February 2020, by Presidential Decree of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 304-VI, Kazakhstan acceded to the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (MLI).

Rules on CIT exemption in Astana Hub

Currently under consideration is the draft of the Rules on confirmation of compliance of Astana Hub participants with the conditions of application of 100 percent reduction of corporate income tax on income from informatisation services (the “Rules on CIT exemption in Astana Hub”).

Redomiciliation of Foreign Companies to Armenia: A Legal Pathway for Seamless Business Continuity

The Republic of Armenia has established itself as a business-friendly jurisdiction, offering various incentives for foreign investors and companies.

Fixed-term employment agreement in Turkmenistan: theory and practice

The Labor Code of Turkmenistan (hereinafter referred to as the Labor Code) distinguishes two types of employment agreements, one of which is a fixed-term employment agreement. Labor legislation does not define a fixed-term employment agreement.

Economic Potential of Antalya and Alanya: Where Foreign Investors Should Focus

Antalya is not merely Turkey’s “tourism capital.” It is a dynamically developing region in which a powerful tourism infrastructure converges with industrial production, agriculture and even advanced-technology sectors.

How to Work Safely with Turkish Partners: Contracts, Law, and Business Culture

Cooperation with Turkish companies in trade and services can be highly rewarding, but it requires a careful legal approach. Turkey has a distinctive business culture, its own legal framework, and a strong emphasis on personal relationships.

Investing in Turkey: Why AI May Be a Smarter Choice than Real Estate

Turkey has long positioned itself as a country with an open economy and a liberal investment regime. Government institutions actively attract foreign capital by offering incentives, simplified company registration procedures, and access to emerging markets in the Middle East and Asia.

General rules for making a contract

GRATA International presents a comparative overview of the general rules for making a contract in Armenia, Belarus, Mongolia, the Philippines, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Türkiye, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Land rights for foreign investors

GRATA International presents a comparative overview of land rights for foreign investors in Belarus, Mongolia, Russia, Serbia, Türkiye, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

Overview of the New Tax Code in Kazakhstan

We hereby present for your attention an overview of the key changes introduced by the new Tax Code.

GRATA International in Malaysia

We are pleased to announce that Wajdi Mohamad & Company, Advocates & Solicitors has joined GRATA International as an associate office in Malaysia.

Antitrust Practices: Clearances, Unfair Competition, and Enforcement

GRATA International presents a comparative overview of antitrust regulation in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Türkiye, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

GRATA International Legal Series (GILS): Dispute Resolution (2025)

The GRATA International Legal Series (the “GILS”) is a distinctive legal handbook, offering essential legal insights and practical tips for conducting business across jurisdictions where GRATA International operates.

Foreign ownership restrictions / limitation of foreign investments and equity in corporations

Foreign ownership restrictions and limitations on foreign investment remain a key consideration for companies entering new markets. While many jurisdictions welcome foreign capital, investors often face equity caps, approval requirements, and sector-specific rules that shape business strategies.

GRATA International in Ankara, Türkiye

GRATA International is pleased to announce the expansion of its network with the addition of BETA Law Office as our new associate office in Ankara, Türkiye.

Caution: Internet Resources May Be Blocked

In Belarus, the possibility of blocking internet resources has existed for some time. On 4 September 2025, however, the Government of Belarus adopted a resolution setting out the detailed procedure for blocking internet resources in the course of investigative actions by authorities, based either o

Loans and Credits: The “Boomerang” Effect of Early Termination

On September 3, 2025, the Government of Belarus introduced new rules about loan and credit contracts. These rules say that if such contracts are ended early, a statutory penalty (a fixed fine set by law) can be applied.

Problems of Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in Kazakhstan

In this article, we will provide our statistics on recognition and enforcement (“R&E”) of foreign arbitral awards in the Republic of Kazakhstan (“ROK”), exploring the identified problems and offering recommendations.

GRATA International in Thailand

We are pleased to announce that Veritas Law has joined GRATA International as an associate office in Thailand.

In Focus: Olmoskhon Khamidova on Intellectual Property as a Tool for Innovation and Investment

This edition of “In Focus” features Olmoskhon Khamidova, Counsel and Deputy Head of the Committee on Intellectual Property at GRATA International.

Main changes in Kazakhstan's financial legislation in Q1 2025

GRATA International banking and finance team is pleased to provide you with a brief summary of the main changes to the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2025 that may affect your business.