GRATA International presents a comparative overview of legal tests for determining when activities are considered “doing business” and the penalties applicable to unregistered entities across multiple jurisdictions, including Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Russia, Thailand, Türkiye, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
The publication examines key criteria used by authorities to assess business presence, registration thresholds, and the legal consequences of operating without proper registration, including administrative and criminal liability. It also outlines enforcement practices and practical steps to regularize business activities in the covered countries.
You can view information on each country separately using the links in the list below.
List of countries and authors:
Kyrgyzstan - Aisanat Safarbek kyzy, Bermet Mukaeva
Malaysia - Yusrizal bin Zainol Abidin
Mongolia - Bolormaa Volodya, Enkh-Ujin Sukhbaatar
Philippines - Krisanto Karlo Nicolas, Eufelia Rembelle Simbol
Russia - Andrey Borovkov, Alena Ivanova, Aleksandra Levenkova, Vyacheslav Khorovskiy
Thailand - Chotika Lurponglukana
Türkiye - Esra Dicle Ulusoy, Aigerim Sabit Bikmaz
Turkmenistan - Lachin Amandurdiyeva, Annamenli Rozymyradova, Gulenar Akmyradova