CHINA: An Introduction to TMT: Data Protection & Privacy (PRC Firms)

中国数据要素市场与数据合规的现状与发展  

The Current Situation and Development of China’s Data Element Market and Data Compliance

一、中国数据要素市场的现状  

The current situation of China’s data element market

数据要素市场是数据要素在交换或流通过程中形成的市场。近年来，我国数据要素市场加速建设，数据要素市场规模持续扩大、市场应用不断渗透，数据活力加速释放，各区域数据要素市场化配置改革成效初显，有效支撑全国数据要素统一大市场建设。

The data element market refers to the market formed by the exchange or flow of data elements. In recent years, China's data element market has accelerated its development, with continuous expansion in market size, increasing penetration of market applications, accelerated release of data vitality. The reform of market-oriented allocation of data elements in various regions has begun to show results, effectively supporting the construction of a unified national data element market.

具体而言，中国的数据要素市场的蓬勃发展得益于多方面的因素。其一，随着数字经济的蓬勃发展，企业逐渐认识到数据无可比拟的价值，对数据要素的需求不断攀升，市场规模不断壮大，为各类产业提供了广阔的发展空间；其二，不同行业，如航运、金融、医疗、零售、制造业，都积极探索数据的潜在应用价值，追求更高效的数据管理和分析能力，以优化业务流程和提升竞争力；其三，人工智能、大数据、物联网等技术创新的持续进步，大大推动了数据要素市场的发展，有助于企业业务决策的科学化和智能化；最后，不容忽视的是，中国政府出台了关于数据安全、隐私保护等方面的政策和法规，加强了对数据要素市场的监管，保障数据的合法合规使用，促进整个行业健康发展。

The vibrant development of China's data element market is attributed to several factors. Firstly, with the vigorous development of the digital economy, enterprises have gradually recognised the unparalleled value of data, leading to a continuous increase in demand for data elements, and the market size continues to expand, providing vast development space for various industries. Secondly, different industries, such as shipping, finance, healthcare, retail, and manufacturing, are actively exploring the potential application value of data, pursuing more efficient data management and analytical capabilities to optimise business processes and enhance competitiveness. Thirdly, the continuous progress of technological innovation, such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and the internet of things, have greatly promoted the development of the data element market, facilitating the scientific and intelligent decision-making of enterprises. Lastly, it is worth noting that the government has issued policies and regulations regarding data security and privacy protection, among other aspects, thereby strengthening supervision of the data element market, ensuring the lawful and compliant use of data, and promoting the healthy development of the entire industry.

二、全球数据要素市场的发展趋势  

Developments in the global data element market

全球数据要素市场正处于一个充满活力和机遇的阶段。企业对数据的依赖性增加，人工智能和大数据分析的兴起促使数据要素需求不断扩大，技术创新不断提升数据要素性能，持续推动市场发展，为全球数字经济注入新活力。

The global data element market is experiencing a phase of dynamism and opportunity. Increased reliance on data by enterprises, coupled with the rise of AI and big data analytics, is contributing to the expanding demand for data elements. Technological innovations continue to enhance the performance of data elements, driving the market and infusing new vitality into the global digital economy.

第一，企业数字化转型是全球数据要素市场的主要推动力之一。越来越多的企业意识到数字化转型的重要性，将数据要素作为关键的支撑工具，支持企业实现更高效、灵活和创新的运营。

Enterprise digital transformation is a key driver of the global data element market. More enterprises are realising the importance of digital transformation and using data elements as essential tools to support more efficient, flexible, and innovative operations.

第二，人工智能与数据要素的融合是当前市场的显著趋势。通过将人工智能技术整合到数据要素中，企业能够更好地进行数据分析、预测和优化。这一融合推动了全球数据要素市场的创新，为各行业带来更智能化的解决方案。

The integration of AI and data elements is a significant trend in the current market. By incorporating AI technology into data elements, enterprises can enhance data analysis, prediction, and optimisation capabilities. This integration fosters innovation in the global data element market and provides more intelligent solutions across various industries.

第三，数据安全与隐私保护成为全球数据要素市场发展的重中之重。随着数据规模的不断增长，对于数据的安全和隐私问题日益引起关注。全球数据要素市场蓬勃发展的同时，也必须注重数据安全和隐私保护。

Data security and privacy protection have become top priorities in the development of the global data element market. As data volumes continue to grow, concerns about data security and privacy are increasing. While the global data element market thrives, it is imperative to prioritise data security and privacy protection.

最后，跨行业与跨区域合作成为全球数据要素市场不可忽视的发展趋势之一。例如，区域全面经济伙伴关系（RCEP）等多边贸易协定不仅促进了数据要素市场的国际化，也为各行业提供了更多合作机会，加速了全球数字经济的发展。

Cross-industry and cross-regional co-operation have emerged as development trends in the global data element market. For instance, multilateral trade agreements like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) not only promote the internationalisation of the data element market but also offer more collaboration opportunities in various industries, accelerating the development of the global digital economy.

三、重点领域数据合规概况  

Overview of data compliance in key fields

 航运领域  

Shipping 

由于航运业具备天然的涉外属性，航运企业运营过程中难以避免地涉及数据出境。同时，航运企业当下普遍开展数字化转型，电子提单、区块链技术的运用已经较为成熟，在此背景下，航运企业更要注意防范数据泄漏��维护数据安全。

Due to the inherently international nature of the shipping industry, it inevitably involves outbound data transfers during the enterprises' business operations. Meanwhile, as shipping enterprises are undergoing digital transformation, the application of electronic bills of lading and blockchain technology has become more mature. Against this backdrop, shipping enterprises need to pay more attention to preventing data leaks and safeguarding data security.

 医疗健康  

Healthcare 

现阶段，医疗数据已成为国家重要的基础性战略资源。医疗数据在流通应用过程中的安全和隐私保护不仅事关患者的生命和信息安全，还关乎社会公共利益和国家安全，通过加强医疗数据保护技术体系建设，利用“原始数据不出域，数据可用不可见”等创新技术方法，方可保障健康医疗数据在合理、合法、合规的前提下发挥价值，实现高等级数据的安全流通。

At present, medical data has become a vital strategic resource for the country. The security and privacy protection of medical data in circulation and application are not only related to the life and information security of patients but also to the public interest and national security. By strengthening the construction of the medical data protection technology system and using innovative technologies such as “data stays within the domain, but available and invisible”, the value of health and medical data can be realised under the premise of rational, legal, and compliant use, achieving secure circulation of high-level data.

人工智能  

Artificial intelligence 

当前，新一轮技术革命不断塑造社会格局，人工智能近年来深入汽车、医疗、基础建设、城市治理、教育、制造等领域。数据作为人工智能的核心，其完整生命周期贯穿整个研发与运营过程，必然对现行知识产权法律框架带来深远的影响。

Currently, a new round of technological revolution is shaping the social landscape, with AI deeply penetrating various fields, such as automobiles, healthcare, infrastructure, urban governance, education, and manufacturing, in recent years. Data, as the core of AI, spans the entire research and development process, inevitably having profound effects on the existing intellectual property legal framework.

金融领域  

Finance 

2023年，人民银行、证监会等金融行业主管部门分别发布了主管业务领域的数据安全基本规定或征求意见稿，各项金融监管规则中也逐渐纳入了个人信息保护、数据安全相关内容，金融领域网络与数据安全监管制度体系更加完善、趋于系统化。

In 2023, regulatory authorities in the financial industry such as the People's Bank of China and the China Securities Regulatory Commission have issued basic regulations on data security in their respective regulatory areas or solicited opinions. Various financial regulatory rules have gradually incorporated content related to personal information protection and data security. The network and data security regulatory system in the financial field has become more complete and more systematic.